Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Background
There is paucity of data describing the rate and quality indices of antibiotics used among hospitalized patients at continental level in Africa. This systematic review evaluated the pooled prevalence, indications, and types of antibiotics used in hospitals across Africa.

Methods
Three electronic databases, PubMed, Scopus, and African Journals Online (AJOL), were searched using search terms. Point prevalence studies of antibiotic use in inpatient settings published in English language from January 2010 to November 2022 were considered for selection. Additional articles were identified by checking the reference list of selected articles.

Results
Of the 7254 articles identified from the databases, 28 eligible articles involving 28 studies were selected. Most of the studies were from Nigeria (n = 9), Ghana (n = 6), and Kenya (n = 4). Overall, the prevalence of antibiotic use among hospitalized patients ranged from 27.6 to 83.5% with higher prevalence in West Africa (51.4–83.5%) and North Africa (79.1%) compared to East Africa (27.6–73.7%) and South Africa (33.6–49.7%). The ICU (64.4–100%; n = 9 studies) and the pediatric medical ward (10.6–94.6%; n = 13 studies) had the highest prevalence of antibiotic use. Community-acquired infections (27.7–61.0%; n = 19 studies) and surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) (14.6–45.3%; n = 17 studies) were the most common indications for antibiotic use. The duration of SAP was more than 1 day in 66.7 to 100% of the cases. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics included ceftriaxone (7.4–51.7%; n = 14 studies), metronidazole (14.6–44.8%; n = 12 studies), gentamicin (n = 8 studies; range: 6.6–22.3%), and ampicillin (n = 6 studies; range: 6.0–29.2%). The access, watch, and reserved group of antibiotics accounted for 46.3–97.9%, 1.8–53.5%, and 0.0–5.0% of antibiotic prescriptions, respectively. The documentation of the reason for antibiotic prescription and date for stop/review ranged from 37.3 to 100% and 19.6 to 100%, respectively.

Conclusion
The point prevalence of antibiotic use among hospitalized patients in Africa is relatively high and varied between the regions in the continent. The prevalence was higher in the ICU and pediatric medical ward compared to the other wards. Antibiotics were most commonly prescribed for community-acquired infections and for SAP with ceftriaxone, metronidazole, and gentamicin being the most common antibiotics prescribed. Antibiotic stewardship is recommended to address excessive use of SAP and to reduce high rate of antibiotic prescribing in the ICU and pediatric ward.

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan dan hasil dari penyelenggaraan program paket C dalam upaya memberdayakan masyarakat kawasan industri pertambangan batubara di Kampung Tumbit Dayak. Jenis Penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data diperoleh dari, wawancara, observasi dan analisis dokumen. Tehnik analisis data menggunakan reduksi data, display data dan verifikasi data. Tehnik keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi sumber. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, (1) pelaksanaan: Diselenggarakan sesuai syarat proses pembelajaran paket C yang disusun oleh pemerintah berdasarkan Undang-Undang No 3 Tahun 2008, RPP di Implementasikan sesuai rancangan awal, kurikulum bersifat situasional (masih menggunakan KTSP) karena belum ada sosialisasi terkait kurikulum baru, terjadi interaksi yang baik antara tutor dan peserta didik (terjadi komunikasi dua arah antara tutor dan peserta didik, peserta didik aktif untuk bertanya), sarana dan prasarana sesuai kebutuhan dan mendukung proses pembelajaran, (2). Hasil program; Terjadi perubahan pada sikap peserta didik (disiplin dan percaya diri), Peserta didik yang mengikuti peraturan dan prosedur PKBM dapat lulus dan memperoleh ijazah lalu bekerja di perusahaan (PT.PAMA), peserta didik mampu memenuhi kebutuhan pokok untuk diri sendiri dan juga memenuhi kebutuhan pokok keluarga. Community empowerment of mining industry areas through certification of package C programs AbstractThe research objective was to determine the implementation and results of the implementation of the package C program in an effort to empower the community of the coal mining industry in Tumbit Dayak Village. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive study. Data sources were obtained from, interviews, observation and document analysis. Data analysis techniques using data reduction, data display and data verification. Technique of data validity using source triangulation. The results showed that: (1) implementation: Organized according to the implementation requirements of package C compiled by the government based on Law No. 3 of 2008, the RPP was implemented according to the initial design, the curriculum was situational (still using KTSP) because there was no socialization regarding the latest curriculum , there is good interaction between tutors and students (there are two-way communication between tutors and students, active students to ask questions), facilities and infrastructure as needed and support the learning process, (2). Program results; There is a change in the attitude of students (discipline and self-confidence), Students who follow the rules and procedures of PKBM have passed and obtained a diploma and work in a company (PT. PAMA), students are able to meet basic needs for themselves and also fulfill basic needs family.

Poverty is a risk to harmony, which results in the dismissal of human rights. Microfinance is a tool that is famous across the world as a solution to alleviate poverty. Through this tool, lowincome households can have permanent access to a range of high-quality and affordable financial services that are offered by a range of retail providers. Community-based organizations, commonly known as "CBO", play a vital role in providing microfinance to the needy group of people, which determined the relationship between microfinance and poverty alleviation. This research presents a comparative study between Akhuwat Foundation and Kashf Foundation microfinance models for providing housing finance to low-income groups. A qualitative approach has been applied to determine the relationship between microfinance and poverty alleviation. In-depth interviews are conducted with working staff and borrowers of Akhuwat Foundation and Kashf Foundation (microfinance organizations). The research concludes that both organizations strive to alleviate poverty and to enhance the living standard of low-income people through mutual support in the system. The study also suggests that these organizations should need to emphasize more on the diversified needs of the poor people and must aim to serve the most extremely poor strata of the population.

Squatters have now become integral part of urban centers in most developing countries like Pakistan, with Lahore experiencing growth of such informal settlements at its peak. A myriad of issues and challenges associated with economic, social, spatial, environmental and political contexts within squatters has become a great hindrance towards home improvement and better life style. Tenure security brings a sense of homeownership to socioeconomically disadvantaged households. Recently, promotion of increased security of tenure of all whether living in formal or informal settlements has been affirmed by New Urban Agenda of Habitat III. Therefore, it is need of the time to look into present tenure types of squatters being offered by the city to solve problem of housing backlog and to provide promote inclusivity ensuring healthy, affordable and sustainable environment for all inhabitants.Proposed argument has got stronger foundation due to comparative analysis of squatter having secured land tenure with squatter of unsecure tenure. In this paper we explore that tenure security is one of the key factors which leads to resident's stability, through case study approach by investigating two squatters based on their tenure types. The data collected through questionnaire will help us to identify other key factors associated with resident stability in squatters. Study reveals that limited secured tenure options and poor governance in present urban scenario projects as major obstacles in coping with urban sprawl and squatter settlements. Findings help us to understand the phenomena of inter-connection of land tenure security and residential stability of squatters in Lahore, suffering from housing shortage and informal settlements.